ITRODUCTION TO PHARMACY -02

The History & Evolution of Pharmacy

What is pharmacy?
1. The art of preparing and dispensing drugs. 2. A place where drugs are sold; a drugstore. In this sense, also called apothecary.
Pharmacy is a transitional field between health sciences and chemical sciences and a profession charged with ensuring the safe use of medication.

Difference between Pharmacist and Physicians.
Previously physicians often both prepared and prescribed medicines.
Individual pharmacists not only compounded prescriptions but manufactured medicaments in bulk lots for general sale.
Not until well into the 19th century was the distinction between the pharmacist as a compounder of medicines and the physician as a therapist generally accepted

What pharmacist do?
Traditionally, pharmacists have compounded and dispensed medications on the orders of physicians.
More recently, pharmacy has come to include other services related to patient care including clinical practice, medication review, and drug information. Some of these new pharmaceutical roles are now mandated by law in various ligislatures.
Pharmacists, therefore, are drug therapy experts, and the primary health professionals who optimise medication management to produce positive health-outcomes.

Origin of Pharmacist word.
The origin of the word "pharmacy" is generally ascribed to the Greek pharmakon ("remedy"). It has been suggested that there is a connection with the egyptian term ph-ar-maki ("bestower of security"), which the god Thoth, patron of physicians, conferred as approbation on a ferryman who had managed a safe crossing.
The notion of an Egyptian origin has a certain romantic appeal, but in all likelihood the word "pharmacy" and its many cognates derive, like so many other scientific terms, from the Greek.

Peoples power.
Human have very little power to modify the birth and death. They have no hand over these things. These two things are fully supervised by Allah.
But in disease, human have enough to do and every moment have cntribute new way of overcoming diseases. They have exposed the knowhow to fight against disease.

Peoples practice.
Throughout the world, illness has often been attributed to witchcraft, demons, averse astral influence, or the will of the gods, ideas that retain some power, with faith healing and shrines still common, although the rise of scientific medicine in the past two centuries has altered or replaced many historic health practices.

Quotation from Quran.
The Qur'an and the sayings of the Prophet Muhammad encouraged the gaining of medical knowledge. The Prophet Muhammad said,
"Make use of medical treatment, for Allah has not made a disease without appointing a remedy for it, with the exception of one disease, namely old age."

Starting period of History.
As much as 80,000 years ago, people of the Paleolithic period were interested in the flora around them to engrave a variety of plants, bones and deer antlers.
It is fruitless to try to determine when Pharmaceutical practice started because Pharmacy in a rudimentry form existed before the word.

History of pharmacy at a glance.

BEFORE THE DAWN OF HISTORY

From beginnings as remote and simple as these came the proud profession of Pharmacy. Its development parallels that of man. Ancient man learned from instinct, from observation of birds and beasts. Cool water, a leaf, dirt, or mud was his first soothing application.
By trial, he learned which served him best. Eventually, he applied his knowledge for the benefit of others. Though the cavemen's methods were crude, many of today's medicines spring from sources as simple and elementary as those which were within reach of early man.

Pharmacy in Egyptian -Herbalism.
Finding healing powers in plants is an ancient idea. People in all continents have long used hundreds, if not thousands, of indigenous plants for treatment of various ailments dating back to prehistory. There is evidence that Neanderthals living 60,000 years ago in present-day Iraq used plants for medicinal purposes (found at a burial site at Shanidar Cave, Iraq, in which a Neanderthal man was uncovered in 1960. He had been buried with eight species of plants). These plants are still widely used in ethnomedicine around the world
The first generally accepted use of plants as healing agents were depicted in the cave paintings discovered in the Lascaux caves in France, which have been Radiocarbon dated to between 13,000 - 25,000 BCE.

Pharmacy in Ancient India.
Hinduism was the only religion existing those days in India, goes back to 6000 years B.C. or more. According to Hindu mythology, the creator of the Universe, Lord Brahma, was the first teacher to make a compilation of Ayurvedic texts which he later abridged into eight parts , with medicine (Kayachiktsaya) and surgery (Shalya tantra) as the main subjects.
It is believed that Brahma propagated this knowledge through Daksha Prajapati who in turn taught this science to the Aswini Kumars ( the twin sons of the Sun God ).
The Aswinis imparted the science to Indra. Upto this time, the knowledge of Ayurveda was known only to celestial personalities.
It is believed that it was Lord Indra who passed on this knowledge of Ayurveda, the “science of life”, to sages and rishis ( mortals ) , the first pupil being Bharadwaja. He, in turn, taught this subject to others including Atreya. He, it is believed, lived in the period 700 - 600 B.C. and became a renowned teacher at Taxila. Due to the profound depth of his teachings, Atreya has been reverentially been considered the “Father of Indian medicine”.
Lord Vishnu is also believed to have been associated with ancient medicine. It is said that several sages approached the Lord and begged of Him to help them save humanity from diseases and suffering. In response to their plight and prayers, he ordered the churning of the ocean of milk with the aid of “ vasukis ” and “ asuras “. Dhanvantari then came out of the ocean with the pot of “ amrita ” in his hands. (There is a sculpture of Dhanvantari in the Somanathpur temple in Karnataka).

PHARMACY IN ANCIENT BABYLONI.
Babylon, jewel of ancient Mesopotamia, often called the cradle of civilization, provides the earliest known record of practice of the art of the apothecary.
Practitioners of healing of this era (about 2600 B.C.) were priest, pharmacist and physician, all in one.
Medical texts on clay tablets record first the symptoms of illness, the prescription and directions for compounding, then an invocation to the gods.
Ancient Babylonian methods find counterpart in today's modern pharmaceutical, medical, and spiritual care of the sick.

PHARMACY IN ANCIENT CHINA.
Chinese Pharmacy, according to legend, stems from Shen Nung (about 2000 B.C.), emperor who sought out and investigated the medicinal value of several hundred herbs. He reputed to have tested many of them on himself, and to have written the first Pen T-Sao, or native herbal, recording 365 drugs.
Still worshiped by native Chinese drug guilds as their patron god, Shen Nung conceivably examined many herbs, barks, and roots brought in from the fields, swamps, and woods that are still recognized in Pharmacy today. In the background is the "Pa Kua," a mathematical design symbolizing creation and life. Medicinal plants include podophyllum, rhubarb, ginseng, stramonium, cinnamon bark, and, in the boy's hand, ma huang, or Ephedra

DAYS OF THE PAPYRUS EBERS.
Though Egyptian medicine dates from about 2900 B.C., best known and most important pharmaceutical record is the "Papyrus Ebers" (1500 B.C.), a collection of 800 prescriptions, mentioning 700 drugs.
Pharmacy in ancient Egypt was conducted by two or more echelons: gatherers and preparers of drugs, and "chiefs of fabrication," or head pharmacists. They are thought to have worked in the "House of Life." In a setting such as this, the "Papyrus Ebers" might have been dictated to a scribe by a head pharmacist as he directed compounding activities in the drug room.

THEOPHRASTUS - FATHER OF BOTANY.
Theophrastus (about 300 B.C.), among the greatest early Greek philosophers and natural scientists, is called the "father of botany."
His observations and writings dealing with the medical qualities and peculiarities of herbs are unusually accurate, even in the light of present knowledge.
He lectured to groups of students who walked about with him, learning of nature by observing her treasurers at firsthand. In his hands he holds a branch of belladonna. Behind him are pomegranate blooms, senna, and manuscript scrolls. Slabs of ivory, coated with colored beeswax, served the students as "slates." Writing was cut into the surface with a stylus.

THE ROYAL TOXICOLOGIST - MITHRIDATES VI.
Mithridates VI, King of Pontus (about 100 B.C.), though he battled Rome for a lifetime, found time to make not only the art of poisoning, but also the art of preventing and counteracting poisoning, subjects of intensive study.
Unhesitatingly, he used himself as well as his prisoners as "guinea pigs" on which to test poisons and antidotes. Behind him are rhizotomists, offering fresh, flowering aconite, ginger, and gentian.
At lower right is a crater - a two-piece forerunner of the champagne bucket. His famed formula of alleged panantidotal powers, "Mithridatum," was popular for over a thousand years.

TERRA SIGILLATA - AN EARLY "TRADEMARKED" DRUG.
Man learned early of the prestigious advantage of trademarks as a means of identification of source and of gaining customers' confidence.
One of the first therapeutic agents to bear such a mark was Terra Sigillata (Sealed Earth), a clay tablet originating on the Mediterranean island of Lemnos before 500 B.C.
One day each year clay was dug from a pit on a Lemnian hillside in the presence of governmental and religious dignitaries. Washed, refined, rolled to a mass of proper thickness, the clay was formed into pastilles and impressed with an official seal by priestesses, then sun-dried. The tablets were then widely distributed commercially.

DIOSCORIDES - A SCIENTIST LOOKS AT DRUGS.
In the evolution of all successful and enduring systems of knowledge there comes a time when the observations of many men, or the intensive studies of one, transcend from the level of trade or vocation to that of a science.
Pedanios Dioscorides (first century A.D.), contributed mightily to such a transition in Pharmacy. In order to study materia medica, Dioscorides accompanied the Roman armies throughout the known world. He recorded what he observed, promulgated excellent rules for collection of drugs, their storage and use. His texts were considered basic science as late as the sixteenth century.

GALEN - EXPERIMENTER IN DRUG COMPOUNDING.
Of the men of ancient times whose names are known and revered among both the professions of Pharmacy and Medicine, Galen, undoubtedly, is the foremost.
Galen (130-200 A.D.) practiced and taught both Pharmacy and Medicine in Rome; his principles of preparing and compounding medicines ruled in the Western world for 1,500 years; and his name still is associated with that class of pharmaceuticals compounded by mechanical means - galenicals.
He was the originator of the formula for a cold cream, essentially similar to that known today. Many procedures Galen originated have their counterparts in today's modern compounding laboratories.

DAMIAN AND COSMAS - PHARMACY'S PATRON SAINTS.
Twinship of the health professions, Pharmacy and Medicine, is nowhere more strikingly portrayed than by Damian, the apothecary, and Cosmas, the physician.
Twin brothers of Arabian descent, and devout Christians, they offered the solace of religion as well as the benefit of their knowledge to the sick who visited them. Their twin careers were cut short in the year 303 by martyrdom. For centuries their tomb in the Syrian city of Cyprus was a shrine. Churches were built in their honor in Rome and other cities. After canonization, they became the patron saints of Pharmacy and Medicine, and many miracles were attributed to them.

MONASTIC PHARMACY.
During the Middle Ages remnants of the Western knowledge of Pharmacy and Medicine were preserved in the monasteries (fifth to twelfth centuries). These scientists are known to have been taught in the cloisters as early as the seventh century.
Manuscripts from many islands were translated or copied for monastery libraries. The monks gathered herbs and simples in the field, or raised them in their own herb gardens. These they prepared according to the art of the apothecary for the benefit of the sick and injured. Gardens such as these still may be found in monasteries in many countries.

THE FIRST APOTHECARY SHOPS.
The Arabs separated the arts of apothecary and physician, establishing in Bagdad late in the eighth century the first privately owned drug stores. They preserved much of the Greco-Roman wisdom, added to it, developing with the aid of their naturalresources syrups, confections, conserves, distilled waters and alcoholic liquids. The apothecary is examining logs of sandalwood offered by a traveling merchant, while children indulge their taste for sweets with stalks of sugar cane.
When the Moslems swept across Africa, Spain and southern France, they carried with them a new pattern of Pharmacy which western Europe soon assimilated.

AVICENNA - THE "PERSIAN GALEN".
Among the brilliant contributors to the sciences of Pharmacy and Medicine during the Arabian era was one genius who seems to stand for his time - the Persian, Ibn Sina (about 980-1037 A.D.), called Avicenna by the Western world.
Pharmacist, poet, physician, philosopher and diplomat, Avicenna was an intellectual giant, a favorite of Persian princes and rulers.
He wrote in Arabic, often while secluded in the home of an apothecary friend. His pharmaceutical teachings were accepted as authority in the West until the 17th century; and still are dominant influences in the Orient.

SEPARATION OF PHARMACY AND MEDICINE.
In European countries exposed to Arabian influence, public pharmacies began to appear in the 17th century. However, it was not until about 1240 A.D. that, in Sicily and southern Italy, Pharmacy was separated from Medicine.
Frederick II of Hohenstaufen, who was Emperor of Germany as well as King of Sicily, was a living link between Oriental and Occidental worlds.
At his palace in Palermo, he presented subject Pharmacists with the first European edict completely separating their responsibilities from those of Medicine, and prescribing regulations for their professional practice.

THE FIRST OFFICIAL PHARMACOPOEIA.
The idea of a pharmacopoeia with official status, to be followed by all apothecaries, originated in Florence.
The Nuovo Receptario, originally written in Italian, was published and became the legal standard for the city-state in 1498.
It was the result of collaboration of the Guild of Apothecaries and the Medical Society - one of the earliest manifestations of constructive interprofessional relations. The professional groups received official advice and guidance from the powerful Dominican monk, Savonarola, (seated, foreground) who, at the time, was the political leader in Florence.

THE SOCIETY OF APOTHECARIES OF LONDON.
Trade in drugs and spices was lucrative in the Middle Ages. In the British Isles, it was monopolized by the Guild of Grocers, which had jurisdiction over the apothecaries. After years of effort, the apothecaries found allies among court physicians.
King James I, flanked by two "Beefeaters" wore heavily padded attire because of fear of stabbing. Upon persuasion by the philosopher-politician, Francis Bacon, the King granted a charter in 1617 which formed a separate company known as the "Master, Wardens and Society of the Art and Mystery of the Apothecaries of the City of London" over vigorous protests of the grocers. This was the first organization of pharmacists in the Anglo-Saxon world.

LOUIS HÉBERT, APOTHECARY TO NEW FRANCE (CANADA).
Young Parisian Apothecary Louis Hébert answered the call of the New World in 1605, when he helped de Monts and Champlain build New France's first settlement, the Habitation, at Port Royal (Nova Scotia, Canada). Hébert looked after the health of the pioneers, cultivated native drug plants, and supervised the gardens.
At the waterfront, he examined specimens of drug plants offered by Micmac Indians. These included Arum, (Jack-in-the-Pulpit), Eupatorium (Boneset), Verbascum (Mullein), and Hydrastis (Golden Seal). When the Habitation was destroyed by the English in 1613, he returned to his Parisian apothecary shop. The lure of Canada was strong, however, and in 1617, he and the family returned with Champlain to Quebec, where Hébert's "green thumb" gained him lasting fame as the first successful farmer in what is now Canada.

THE GOVERNOR WHO HEALED THE SICK.
Many Europeans "of quality and wealth, particularly those who were non-conformists in religion" were attracted to the possibilities of the American Colonies.
From Britain came John Winthrop, first Governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony and founder of Boston. Governor Winthrop, unable to induce professionals to the Colony, sought advice from English apothecaries and physicians, and added to his small store of imported drugs those derived from plants native to New England. In his home (about 1640), he made available as best he could the "art and mystery" of the apothecary for his citizens.

THE MARSHALL APOTHECARY.
Christopher Marshall, an Irish immigrant, established his apothecary shop in Philadelphia in 1729.
During 96 years, this pioneer pharmaceutical enterprise became a leading retail store, nucleus of large-scale chemical manufacturing; a "practical" training school for pharmacists; an important supply depot during the Revolution; and finally, it was managed by granddaughter Elizabeth, America's first woman pharmacist.
Christopher earned the title of "The fighting Quaker" during the Revolution; his sons, Charles and Christopher, Jr., (shown as youths with their father, about 1754) earned individual fame and carried on his fine traditions.

FIRST HOSPITAL IN COLONIAL AMERICA.
Colonial America's first hospital (Pennsylvania) was established in Philadelphia in 1751; the first Hospital Pharmacy began operations there in 1752, temporarily set up in the Kinsey house, which served until the first hospital building was completed.
The ingenuity of Benjamin Franklin was helpful in both. First Hospital Pharmacist was Jonathan Roberts; but it was his successor, John Morgan, whose practice as a hospital pharmacist (1755-56), and whose impact upon Pharmacy and Medicine influenced changes that were to become of importance to the development of professional pharmacy in North America. First as pharmacist, later as physician, he advocated prescription writing and championed independent practice of two professions.


ASSIGNMENTONBODY CONSTITUTION CHART

ASSIGNMENT COVERED
>Introduction
>Key Points
>What is Ayurvedic medicine?
>Does Ayurveda work?
>Body Constitution chart
>Analysis
> Are there concerns about Ayurvedic medicine?

Introduction -
Ayurvedic medicine A whole medical system that originated in India. It aims to integrate the body, mind, and spirit to prevent and treat disease. Therapies used include herbs, massage, and yoga. (also called Ayurveda A whole medical system that originated in India. It aims to integrate the body, mind, and spirit to prevent and treat disease. Therapies used include herbs, massage, and yoga.) is one of the world's oldest medical systems. It originated in India and has evolved there over thousands of years.

Key Points -
• The aim of Ayurveda is to integrate and balance the body, mind, and spirit. This is believed to help prevent illness and promote wellness.
• In Ayurvedic philosophy, people, their health, and the universe are all thought to be related. It is believed that health problems can result when these relationships are out of balance.
• In Ayurveda, herbs, metals, massage, and other products and techniques are used with the intent of cleansing the body and restoring balance. Some of these products may be harmful when used on their own or when used with conventional medicines.
• Before you seek care from an Ayurvedic practitioner, ask about the practitioner's training and experience.
• Tell your health care providers about any complementary and alternative practices you use. Give them a full picture of what you do to manage your health. This will help ensure coordinated and safe care.

What is Ayurvedic medicine?
Ayurvedic medicine is also called Ayurveda. It is a system of medicine that originated in India several thousand years ago. The term Ayurveda combines two Sanskrit words--ayur, which means life, and veda, which means science or knowledge. Ayurveda means "the science of life."
In the United States, Ayurveda is considered a type of CAM and a whole medical system. As with other such systems, it is based on theories of health and illness and on ways to prevent, manage, or treat health problems. Ayurveda aims to integrate and balance the body, mind, and spirit (thus, some view it as "holistic"). This balance is believed to lead to contentment and health, and to help prevent illness. However, Ayurveda also proposes treatments for specific health problems, whether they are physical or mental. A chief aim of Ayurvedic practices is to cleanse the body of substances that can cause disease, and this is believed to help reestablish harmony and balance.
According to the ancient Ayurvedic scholar Charaka, "ayu" comprises the mind, body, senses and the soul.

What is the Origin of Ayurveda?
Widely regarded as the oldest form of healthcare in the world, Ayurveda is an intricate medical system that originated in India thousands of years ago. The fundamentals of Ayurveda can be found in Hindu scriptures called the Vedas — the ancient Indian books of wisdom. The Rig Veda, which was written over 6,000 years ago, contains a series of prescriptions that can help humans overcome various ailments

Does Ayurveda work?
Ayurveda includes many types of therapies and is used for many health issues. A summary of the scientific evidence is beyond the scope of this Backgrounder. You can consult the PubMed database on the Internet or contact the NCCAM Clearinghouse for any research results available on a disease or condition. However, very few rigorous, controlled scientific studies have been carried out on Ayurvedic practices. In India, the government began systematic research in 1969, and the work continues.

What are the Basic Principles of Ayurveda?
Ayurveda is based on the premise that the universe is made up of five elements: air, fire, water, earth and ether. These elements are represented in humans by three "doshas", or energies: Vata, Pitta and Kapha. When any of the doshas accumulate in the body beyond the desirable limit, the body loses its balance. Every individual has a distinct balance, and our health and well-being depend on getting a right balance of the three doshas ("tridoshas"). Ayurveda suggests specific lifestyle and nutritional guidelines to help individuals reduce the excess dosha.
A healthy person, as defined in Sushrut Samhita, one of the primary works on Ayurveda, is "he whose doshas are in balance, appetite is good, all tissues of the body and all natural urges are functioning properly, and whose mind, body and spirit are cheerful..."

What is 'Tridosha' or the Theory of Bio-energies?
The three doshas, or bio-energies found in our body are:
Vata pertains to air and ether elements. This energy is generally seen as the force, which directs nerve impulses, circulation, respiration, and elimination. Kapha pertains to water and earth elements. Kapha is responsible for growth and protection. The mucousal lining of the stomach, and the cerebral-spinal fluid that protects the brain and spinal column are examples of kapha. Pitta pertains to fire and water elements. This dosha governs metabolism, e.g., the transformation of foods into nutrients. Pitta is also responsible for metabolism in the organ and tissue systems.

Thridoshas
There are three biological humors or doshas.
VATHA - the energetic humor controls destruction;
PITTA - the thermogenic humor organises body activities after transformation; and
KAPHA - the cohesive humor is responsible for maintaining creation.

Are there concerns about Ayurvedic medicine?
Health officials in India and other countries have expressed concerns about certain Ayurvedic practices, especially those involving herbs, metals, minerals, or other materials. Here are some of those concerns:
• Ayurvedic medications have the potential to be toxic. Many materials used in them have not been thoroughly studied in either Western or Indian research. In the United States, Ayurvedic medications are regulated as dietary supplements (a category of foods; see box below). As such, they are not required to meet the rigorous standards for conventional medicines. An American study published in 2004 found that of 70 Ayurvedic remedies purchased over-the-counter (all had been manufactured in South Asia), 14 (one-fifth) contained lead, mercury, and/or arsenic at levels that could be harmful. Also in 2004, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention received 12 reports of lead poisoning linked to the use of Ayurvedic medications.
• Most Ayurvedic medications consist of combinations of herbs and other medicines, so it can be challenging to know which ones are having an effect and why.
• Whenever two or more medications are used, there is the potential for them to interact with each other. As a result, the effectiveness of at least one may increase or decrease in the body. For example, it is known that guggul lipid (an extract of guggul) may increase the activity of aspirin, which could lead to bleeding problems.
• Most clinical trials of Ayurvedic approaches have been small, had problems with research designs, lacked appropriate control groups, or had other issues that affected how meaningful the results were.
HEAR IS A BODY CONSTITUTION CHART OF:
Name: UMMA AFROJA

Age: 19+
Sex: FEMALE
Weight: 55 kg
Hight: 5 feet 2 incs

PHYSICAL FEATURES

Body Frame

Lean & thin

VATHA is bearing this existence.

Body Weight
Moderate
PITTA is bearing this existence.

Skin
Soft, Yellowish
PITTA is bearing this existence.

Hair
Soft
PITTA is bearing this existence.

Teeth
Regular
PITTA is bearing this existence.

Eyes
Small, Black iris
VATHA is bearing this existence.

Joints
Just visible
VATHA is bearing this existence.

Musculature
Loose
PITTA is bearing this existence.


FUNCTIONAL FEATURES

Appetite
Low
KAPHA is bearing this existence

Thirst
Excessive
PITTA is bearing this existence.

Sweating
Variable
VATHA is bearing this existence.

Sleep
Moderate
PITTA is bearing this existence.

Taste she like
Pungent
KAPHA is bearing this existence

Elimination
Regular
PITTA is bearing this existence.

Physical Activity
Fast & Very active
VATHA is bearing this existence.

Sexual Vitality
Moderate
PITTA is bearing this existence.

Pulse
Jumping
PITTA is bearing this existence.



PHYCHOLOGICAL FEATURES
Emotional Temperament
Unpredictable
VATHA is bearing this existence.

Mind
Active
VATHA is bearing this existence.

Faith
Steady
KAPHA is bearing this existence

Memory
Sharp
PITTA is bearing this existence.

Interests
Dress & ornaments
PITTA is bearing this existence.

Conclusion :
By discussing above information we can come to the end that our model has a combination of VITHA, PITTA and KAPHA. Where PITTA dosha pertaining much than other two dosha.